Title: Early Ketamine Exposure Results in Cardiac Enlargement and Heart Dysfunction in Xenopus Embryos
نویسندگان
چکیده
Author's response to reviews: We would like to express our sincere thanks to the reviewers for their positive comments. Replies to Reviewer 1: 1. Have you tried to understand relationship between heart rate or heart size and NMDA-receptor regulation, because Ketamine is a kind of NMDA receptor antagonist? Response: At the embryonic stage, NMDA-receptor expression is initiated during late cardiac development [1, 2], when the heart tube has formed. At the exposure stages in our study (from stage 8 to stage 21), the heart tube had not yet formed (the heart tube forms at stage 28). Thus, there was no NMDA-receptor expression during the ketamine exposure. In addition, ketamine is not a specific inhibitor of NMDA-receptor, and one study on zebrafish mentioned that the phenotype caused by ketamine was independent of the NMDA-receptor [3]. Therefore, we speculate that the results of reduced heart rate and enlarged heart size may be unrelated to the NMDA-receptor in Xenopus embryos.
منابع مشابه
Early ketamine exposure results in cardiac enlargement and heart dysfunction in Xenopus embryos.
BACKGROUND Ketamine is a commonly used clinical anesthetic and a popular recreational drug. However, with the exception of studies about the nervous system, studies about the effect of early ketamine exposure on embryos are rare. Xenopus laevis is a commonly used vertebrate model for assessing teratogenicity. Therefore, we treated Xenopus embryos with ketamine to evaluate its teratogenicity on ...
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